Basic arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and bitwise operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT, left shift, right shift), plus base conversion.
Bitwise operations work directly on binary bits. AND: both 1 = 1; OR: either 1 = 1; XOR: different = 1; NOT: invert; Shift: move bits left or right.
Multiply each bit by 2^n from right to left and sum. Example: 1010 = 0×2⁰ + 1×2¹ + 0×2² + 1×2³ = 10.